?????????

??????????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????

百度在上个世纪80年代，经过政界、宗教界与学术界的拨乱反正，澄清了宗教是人民的鸦片这句口号。

????????? (?????????: Science) ??? ??????????? (Universe)? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????^[?]^[?]^[?]

?????????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????

??????

?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? "????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????" ??? ????????????????^[?] ^[?]

????????? ?????? Science (????????????) ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? "scientia" ???????? "??????/???????" ?? ???????

????????????????

????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ????????

???????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????????

????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????^[?]

??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? (experimental science) ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? (applied science) ?? ??????????

???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ????? ???????????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? (hypothesis) ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????

????????? ?????? ?????????????

???????????? ????????????? ???????????? (??? ??????? ?????) ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? (natural sciences) ????? ??????????? (behavior)??????? ???????? ?????????????? (social sciences) ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????

?????????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????

???????????? ???????

???????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? (reproducible) ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????

???????

????????? Michelson–Morley experiment ?? ?????????????

?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? '?????' ???????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? (Pure Mathematics) ??????????? ????????? ??????? (Number Theory) ????? ?????????????? (Topology) ??????? ????????????

??????

?????? (philosophy of science) ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????

???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? (Methodological naturalism) ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????? (observable) ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????????? (critical rationalism) ??? ???????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? (instrumentalism) ??? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???????

????????? ????? ??????? ?????

???????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????????

??????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????

????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????????????

???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????

???????

↑ "science"? Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary? Merriam-Webster, Inc? 2025-08-05 ???? ???????????? 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena
↑ Wilson? Edward (1999)? Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge? New York: Vintage? ISBN 0-679-76867-X?
↑ Fleck? Ludwik (1979)? Trenn? Thaddeus J.; Merton? Robert K (eds.)? Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact? Chicago: University of Chicago Press? ISBN 0226253252?
↑ ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????
↑ Wiktionary? ???????
↑ ???????????????????? ????(??)

[1] "science"? Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary? Merriam-Webster, Inc? 2025-08-05 ???? ???????????? 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena

[2] Wilson? Edward (1999)? Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge? New York: Vintage? ISBN 0-679-76867-X?

[3] Fleck? Ludwik (1979)? Trenn? Thaddeus J.; Merton? Robert K (eds.)? Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact? Chicago: University of Chicago Press? ISBN 0226253252?

[4] ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????

[5] Wiktionary? ???????

[6] ???????????????????? ????(??)

[?]

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